Patient presents following failed attempt at root treating mandibular right second permanent molar. The referring dentist had had difficulties establishing working length. [Note also the lack of rubber dam clamp.]

Access to the pulp chamber shows weak obturation with gutta percha.

Careful removal of gutta percha with protaper instruments reveals C-Shaped canal. Protaper instruments are used at maximum torque and 1000 rpm for removal of coronal gutta percha. Gutta percha located closer to apex is removed with k-Flex files utilising watch winding and balanced forces technique to develop a glide path for rotary instruments.

The avoidance of solvents allows the maintenance of a uncontaminated operating field.

Further refinement of the coronal portion of the canals clearly show the C-Shaped morphology of root canal with three separate exits.

Following establishment of a glide path with stainless steel hand files [minimum ISO 20]: Protaper rotary instruments used at maximum torque but at only 150 rpm. The rotary instruments are taken to within 1mm of the canal apex [working length].

The working length is established using a combination of paper points, an electronic apex locator, radiographs, and from tactile feedback of the apical constriction if present.

Apical refinement is carried out using GT hand files.

The apical portion of the root canals are obturated using gutta percha and AH+ resin sealer utilising continuous wave condensation technique (System B).

The coronal portions are backfilled with gutta condensors.

The canal orifices and floor of the pulp chamber are sealed with white MTA.